Remember when I said this machine is finicky. Well, this is why. The actual XY movement part of the machine worked fine, it was just the laser. The Arduino Board controls the axes (plural of axis) of the machine also acts as the DC power source for the laser. When I connected everything up and ran the job, the laser failed to turn on. After some experimenting and troubleshooting with a voltmeter, I found that the source was fine, and was in fact providing the power needed to run the laser. I realized that the adapter that received the power from the cable had disconnected, leaving an open circuit. I used some heat shrink soldering connections to patch the leak (link for video below).
